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For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (/ ɑː /), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (/ aʊ /). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables (e.g. in the English word re-elect) the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong.
The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
[10] [11] Most dialects of English turn /iː/ into a diphthong, and the monophthongal is in free variation with the diphthongal [ɪi ~ əi] (with the former diphthong being the same as Geordie [ei], the only difference lying in the transcription [citation needed]), particularly word-internally. However, diphthongs are more common word-finally.
Modern editions conventionally mark long diphthongs with a macron on the first letter: e.g. long ēa , ēo in contrast to short ea , eo . [126] In this article, short diphthongs such as ea are transcribed like [æ͝ɑ], and long diphthongs such as ēa are transcribed like [æ͞ɑ]. Some dialects had additional diphthongs:
Note that some words contain an ae which may not be written æ because the etymology is not from the Greek -αι-or Latin -ae-diphthongs. These include: In instances of aer (starting or within a word) when it makes the sound IPA [ɛə]/[eə] (air). Comes from the Latin āër, Greek ἀήρ. When ae makes the diphthong / eɪ / (lay) or / aɪ ...
In later Greek, the two vowels form a diphthong (synaeresis). The word comes from εὖ "well", [4] the adverbial use of the neuter accusative singular of the adjective ἐύς "good". [5] The form with diaeresis is the original form, since the word comes from Proto-Indo-European *esu (e-grade of ablaut), which is cognate with Sanskrit su-(zero ...
These two digraphs respectively represent mergers of the letters ae and oe (diphthongs, as are Greek αι and οι) and are often written that way (e.g., Caesar, phoenix). However, since in Anglo-Latin both ae and oe represent a simple vowel, not a diphthong, the use of the single letters æ and œ better represents the reality of Anglo-Latin ...
A change in the symbolisation of the GOAT diphthong reflects a change in the pronunciation of the starting point: older accounts of this diphthong describe it as starting with [ö̞], moving towards [u]. [118] This was often symbolized as /ou/ or /oʊ/. In modern RP the starting point is unrounded and central, and is symbolized /əʊ/. [111]