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The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who were kept in the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. [2] From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in ...
Hershey–Chase experiment proves that phage genetic material is DNA. 1952: The Hershey–Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and, by implication, all other organisms) to be DNA. [29] 1952: an X-ray diffraction image of DNA was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, a student supervised by Rosalind Franklin. [30]
In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to DNA as the portion of chromosomes (and perhaps other nucleoproteins) that held genes. A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics .
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using certain biotechnology techniques that have only existed since the 1970s. [3] Human directed genetic manipulation was occurring much earlier, beginning with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection.
Their seminal experiments catalyzed a worldwide revolution in genetic engineering in the 1980s. [14] [15] [16] Transgenic mice are now used every day in thousands of laboratories around the world to investigate everything from cancer biology and cardiovascular disease to hair loss and abnormal behavior.
1980 Development of ENQUIRE and MS-DOS begin. 1981 MS-DOS debuts. 1982 The first compact discs are sold, which would eventually replace the audiocassette in the 1990s. 1983 Computer "virus" terminology introduced by Fred Cohen. [2] Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software launched. [3] 1984 The Apple Macintosh is released. FidoNet begins. 1985
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1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer. 1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. 1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived.