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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (popular as CRAMRA) is a treaty that is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. The convention was concluded at Wellington on 2 June 1988. The government of New Zealand is the depository of the treaty. [1] The convention was signed by 19 states, but none have ratified it.
The Antarctic territorial claims are divided into sectors, in accordance to the sector principle. Boundary in the Barents Sea between Norway and Russia, settled in 2010. The sector principle, also known as the sector theory, [1] is a principle in international law which asserts that territorial claims in the polar regions should be determined by longitude lines.
Upload another image HSM-2 Fukushima's Rock Cairn Rock cairn and plaques at Syowa Station in memory of Shin Fukushima, a member of the 4th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, who died in October 1960 while performing official duties. The cairn was erected on 11 January 1961, by his colleagues. Some of his ashes repose in the cairn. (1972) Rec VII-9 69°00′00″S 39°35′00″E ...
Colonization of Antarctica is the establishing and maintaining of control over Antarctic land for exploitation and possibly settlement. [1]Antarctica was claimed by several states since the 16th century, culminating in a territorial competition in the first half of the 20th century when its interior was explored and the first Antarctic camps and bases were set up.
Brian Birley Roberts CMG (23 October 1912 – 9 October 1978) was a British polar expert, ornithologist and diplomat who played a key role in the development of the Antarctic Treaty System. [1] A biography of Roberts has been published.
Antarctic organizations based outside of the continent, such as National Antarctic Programs or the government of Antarctic gateway cities, will often observe the holiday with public programming such as talks or movie screenings. [4] [5] Individuals with professional or personal interest in Antarctica also celebrate Antarctica Day.
The actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the second-smallest of the claims which were made before the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.