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The Jewish scribes and Talmudic scholars also had frequent recourse to abbreviations. Between the seventh and ninth centuries the ancient Roman system of abbreviations gave way to a more difficult one that gradually grew up in the monastic houses and in the chanceries of the new Teutonic kingdoms.
A sofer at work, Ein Bokek, Israel A sofer sews together the pieces of parchment A sofer, sopher, sofer SeTaM, or sofer ST"M (Hebrew: סופר סת״ם, "scribe"; plural soferim, סופרים) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe Sifrei Kodesh (holy scrolls), tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzot (ST"M, סת״ם, is an abbreviation of these three terms) and other religious writings.
UK modern orthodox scribe www.sofer.co.uk: Aviel Barclay: 20th and 21st centuries Canada, first certified soferet of modern times Jen Taylor Friedman: 20th and 21st centuries First Torah by a soferet of modern times Julie Seltzer: 20th and 21st centuries America, first Torah by an American soferet: Yaakov Klein (YK) 20th and 21st centuries ...
Both forms of abbreviation are called suspensions (as the scribe suspends the writing of the word). A separate form of abbreviation is by contraction and was mostly a Christian usage for sacred words, or Nomina Sacra ; non-Christian sigla usage usually limited the number of letters the abbreviation comprised and omitted no intermediate letter.
The education of scribes in ancient Israel was supported by the state, although some scribal arts could have been taught within a small number of families. [71] Some scribes also copied documents, but this was not necessarily part of their job. [72] [page needed] Jewish scribes at the Tomb of Ezekiel in Iraq, c. 1914
Ktav Stam (Hebrew: כְּתַב־סְתָ״ם ) is the specific Jewish traditional writing with which holy scrolls (Sifrei Kodesh), tefillin and mezuzot are written. Stam is a Hebrew acronym denoting these writings, as indicated by the gershayim (״ ) punctuation mark. One who writes such articles is called a sofer stam.
Jewish surnames are thought to be of comparatively recent origin; [1]: 190 the first known Jewish family names date to the Middle Ages, in the 10th and 11th centuries. [ 2 ] Jews have some of the largest varieties of surnames among any ethnic group, owing to the geographically diverse Jewish diaspora , as well as cultural assimilation and the ...
Many observant Jews from all Jewish denominations have a qualified scribe check the mezuzot parchments for defects (such as small tears or faded lettering) at least twice every seven years. [30] [31] This job can be done by a sofer (scribe) or by anyone with similar training. A sofer also can make new mezuzot parchments which are in accordance ...