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Sex-limited genes are responsible for sexual dimorphism, which is a phenotypic (directly observable) difference between males and females of the same species regardless of genotype. [3] These differences can be reflected in size, color, behavior (ex: levels of aggression), and morphology.
Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, friendship, [1] and tendency towards aggression. [2] Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. Modern research attempts to distinguish between these causes and to analyze any ethical concerns raised.
The human Y chromosome showing the SRY gene which codes for a protein regulating sexual differentiation. Sexual differentiation in humans is the process of development of sex differences in humans . It is defined as the development of phenotypic structures consequent to the action of hormones produced following gonadal determination. [ 1 ]
The TH (tyrosin hydroxylase) gene, whose product is LDOPA, the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is located 1 Mb from the SNP on CFA18 associated with agitated behaviour. Mutation in this gene cause hyperactivity disorder. The TH gene has been associated with activity, impassivity, and inattention in two dog breeds.
Genetic researchers theorize that the X chromosome may contain a gene influencing social behaviours. [15] [better source needed] Most IQ tests are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males. Areas where differences have been found include verbal and mathematical ability.
Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location. [2] The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of ...
No genes are shared between the avian ZW and mammal XY chromosomes [26] and the chicken Z chromosome is similar to the human autosomal chromosome 9, rather than X or Y. This suggests not that the ZW and XY sex-determination systems share an origin but that the sex chromosomes are derived from autosomal chromosomes of the common ancestor of ...
The relationship between biology and sexual orientation is a subject of on-going research. While scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.