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The least anxiety-provoking situations are ordered at the bottom of the hierarchy while the most anxiety-provoking situations are at the top. Exposure hierarchies typically consist of 10-15 items and will guide the client’s exposure practices. [1] An abbreviated example of an exposure hierarchy is pictured in Image 1.
A therapist may begin by asking the patient to identify a fear hierarchy. This fear hierarchy would list the relative unpleasantness of various levels of exposure to a snake. For example, seeing a picture of a snake might elicit a low fear rating, compared to live snakes crawling on the individual—the latter scenario becoming highest on the ...
Nosophobia, also known as disease phobia [1] or illness anxiety disorder, [2] is the irrational fear of contracting a disease, a type of specific phobia.Primary fears of this kind are fear of contracting HIV infection (AIDS phobia or HIV serophobia), [3] pulmonary tuberculosis (phthisiophobia), [4] sexually transmitted infections (syphilophobia or venereophobia), [5] cancer (carcinophobia ...
Aged persons who require cataract surgery often fear the procedure, even though success is very likely. The fear of going blind because of the surgery is more apparent in women, who over all fear surgery more than men. [12] The cataract is a disease that attacks the lens, causing it to swell until sight becomes obscured.
In sociology and psychology, mass hysteria is a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear. [1] [2] In medicine, the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation—or production of chemicals in the body—of the same or similar ...
Pathways from central nucleus of the amygdala to downstream areas then control defensive behavior (freezing) and autonomic and endocrine responses. Recent studies implicate the prelimbic cortex in fear expression as well, possibly by way of its connections to the basal and then to the central nucleus of the amygdala. [1]
Environmental factors outside an individual's control may prevent engagement in desired behaviors. [1] For example, an individual living in a dangerous neighborhood may be unable to go for a jog outdoors due to safety concerns. Furthermore, the HBM does not consider the impact of emotions on health-related behavior.
Agoraphobia is a fear of a situation due to perceived difficulty or inability to escape. [1] It is recommended that specific phobias be treated with exposure therapy, in which the person is introduced to the situation or object in question until the fear resolves. [2] Medications are not helpful for specific phobias. [2]