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Equity basket derivatives are futures, options or swaps where the underlying is a non-index basket of shares. They have similar characteristics to equity index derivatives, but are always traded OTC (over the counter, i.e. between established institutional investors), [ dubious – discuss ] as the basket definition is not standardized in the ...
A cliquet option or ratchet option is an exotic option consisting of a series of consecutive forward start options. [1] The first is active immediately. The second becomes active when the first expires, etc.
As above, these methods can solve derivative pricing problems that have, in general, the same level of complexity as those problems solved by tree approaches, [1] but, given their relative complexity, are usually employed only when other approaches are inappropriate; an example here, being changing interest rates and / or time linked dividend policy.
More generally though, simulation is employed for path dependent exotic derivatives, such as Asian options. In other cases, the source of uncertainty may be at a remove. For example, for bond options [3] the underlying is a bond, but the source of uncertainty is the annualized interest rate (i.e. the short rate).
For example, a bull spread constructed from calls (e.g., long a 50 call, short a 60 call) combined with a bear spread constructed from puts (e.g., long a 60 put, short a 50 put) has a constant payoff of the difference in exercise prices (e.g. 10) assuming that the underlying stock does not go ex-dividend before the expiration of the options.
An equity swap is a financial derivative contract (a swap) where a set of future cash flows are agreed to be exchanged between two counterparties at set dates in the future. [1] The two cash flows are usually referred to as "legs" of the swap; one of these "legs" is usually pegged to a floating rate such as LIBOR .
Examples include the partial lookback option proposed by Heynen and Kat, [3] and the amnesiac lookback option proposed by Chang and Li. [4] Discrete partial path-dependent options are overpriced under continuous assumptions; their pricing is complex and is typically performed using numerical methods.
Binomial Lattice for equity, with CRR formulae Tree for an bond option returning the OAS (black vs red): the short rate is the top value; the development of the bond value shows pull-to-par clearly . In quantitative finance, a lattice model [1] is a numerical approach to the valuation of derivatives in situations requiring a discrete time model.