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The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground.
Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
Surface temperature is the temperature at a surface. Specifically, it may refer to: Near-surface air temperature, the temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth; Sea surface temperature, the temperature of water close to the ocean's surface
Land surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month between 2000-2008. [ 7 ] Sea surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month from 1985 through 1997.
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and ...
An example is the 2-metre temperature, which is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature. This temperature is not directly predicted from the model but is deduced from surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures. Other software is used for creating plots and animations.
It measures temperatures on the surface of the Earth, rather than surface air temperature. [2] [3] Dr. Simon Hook [4] is the principal investigator of the ECOSTRESS mission and Dr. Joshua Fisher [5] is the Science lead; both are located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). [3]
is the heat transfer coefficient (assumed independent of T and averaged over the surface) (SI unit: W/(m 2 ⋅K)), is the temperature of the object's surface (SI unit: K), is the temperature of the environment; i.e., the temperature suitably far from the surface (SI unit: K),