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More intimately, normally free-living microbes may opportunistically live as facultative parasites in other organisms. [2] An example of this in humans is Naegleria fowleri - this excavate amoeba species is a free-living bacterivore, but occasionally it successfully infects humans with an often fatal result. [3]
Hyperparasitoids are either facultative (can be a primary parasitoid or a hyperparasitoid depending on the situation) or obligate (always develop as a hyperparasitoid). Levels of parasitoids beyond secondary also occur, especially among facultative parasitoids. In oak gall systems, there can be up to five levels of parasitism. [13]
In the family Cuculidae, over 40% of cuckoo species are obligate brood parasites, while others are either facultative brood parasites or provide parental care. [52] The eggs of some brood parasites mimic those of their hosts, while some cowbird eggs have tough shells, making them hard for the hosts to kill by piercing, both mechanisms implying ...
Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells. Obligate intracellular parasites, on the other hand, need a host cell to live and reproduce. Many of these types of cells require specialized host types, and invasion of host cells occurs in different ways.
These can be categorized into three groups; cestodes, nematodes and trematodes.Examples include: Acanthocephala; Ascariasis (roundworms); Cestoda (tapeworms) including: Taenia saginata (human beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (human pork tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) and Echinococcosis (hydatid tapeworm)
Other marine parasites, deemed endozoic, are parasites of marine invertebrates (mollusks, flatworms, sponges) and can be either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic, some retaining the ability to photosynthesize after infection. These are the only parasitic plants that parasitize animal hosts.
Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. [2] [3] Facultative intracellular parasites, Bartonella species can infect healthy people, but are considered especially important as opportunistic pathogens. [4]
For convenience, all parasitic organisms (parasites) should be included in Category:Parasites or its subcategories. Parasitology is the study of parasites in host organisms, including humans (medical parasitology).