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This factor includes all the officer's observations and judgement during the traffic stop. [11] Studies generally reproduce this likelihood ratio for officer's judgement, ranging from 3.8-4.4. [ 30 ] Considering only performance on the SFSTs, a re-analysis of the 1998 data shows that likelihood ratios are highest at 1.50 for 0.05% BAC and 1.87 ...
A traffic stop is usually considered to be a Terry stop and, as such, is a seizure by police; the standard set by the United States Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio regarding temporary detentions requires only reasonable articulable suspicion that a crime has occurred or is about to occur. [ 1 ]
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A Terry stop in the United States allows the police to briefly detain a person based on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity. [1] [2] Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than probable cause which is needed for arrest. When police stop and search a pedestrian, this is commonly known as a stop and frisk.
Massachusetts public safety officials tightly controlled and influenced researchers' work on the state's first study of racial profiling in 20 years.
Stops made by the Oakland Police Department plummeted to 19,000 in 2018, down from 32,000 the year prior. Photo: Getty Images
LAPD officers search a vehicle in 2015. A study recommends that civilian workers handle most traffic enforcement in the city, but any implementation faces a long process.
This tends to be a rigorous effort that is performed by an expert. This method leaves little room for doubt and can be beneficial by ensuring expert bias does not come into play. [4] Expert Analysis relies on the knowledge and experience of field experts. This form of analysis usually lacks a rigorous (formal/semiformal) methodological approach.