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Ship-to-ship (STS) transfer operation is the transfer of cargo between seagoing ships positioned alongside each other, either while stationary or underway. Cargoes typically transferred via STS methods include crude oil , liquefied gas ( LPG or LNG ), bulk cargo, and petroleum products.
Because of the risks involved crews practice emergency breakaway procedures, where the ships will separate in less-than-optimal situations. [20] Although the ships will be saved from collision, it is possible to lose stores, as the ships may not be able to finish the current transfer.
Lightering for tankers typically occurs in the EEZ, generally between 20 nautical miles (40 km) and 60 nautical miles (110 km) from the shore, and can be performed while the ships are at anchor, drifting, or underway. The product is typically transferred using specialized hoses which offload cargo from the larger vessel to the smaller.
The two most common types of bunkering procedure at sea are "ship to ship bunkering" (STSB), in which one ship acts as a terminal, while the other moors. The second type is "stern line bunkering" (SLB), which is the easiest method of transferring oil but can be risky during bad weather. [7]
Marine Transfer Operations are conducted at many ports around the world between tanker ships, barges, and marine terminals. Specifically, once the marine vessel is secure at the dock a loading arm or transfer hose is connected between a valve header on the dock and the manifold header on the vessel.
A third method is by ship-to-ship transfer, also known as lightering. In this method, two ships come alongside in open sea and oil is transferred manifold to manifold via flexible hoses. [98] Lightering is sometimes used where a loaded tanker is too large to enter a specific port. [98]
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include only seaborne transfers (a change to another international deep-sea container ship); or; include both seaborne and inland waterway ship transfers (sometimes called water-to-water transshipment). Most coastal container ports in China have a large proportion of riverside "transshipment" to the hinterland.
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