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If every internal angle of a simple polygon is less than a straight angle (π radians or 180°), then the polygon is called convex. In contrast, an external angle (also called a turning angle or exterior angle) is an angle formed by one side of a simple polygon and a line extended from an adjacent side. [1]: pp. 261–264
The exterior angle theorem is not valid in spherical geometry nor in the related elliptical geometry. Consider a spherical triangle one of whose vertices is the North Pole and the other two lie on the equator. The sides of the triangle emanating from the North Pole (great circles of the sphere) both meet the equator at right angles, so this ...
Equivalently, a convex quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if each exterior angle is equal to the opposite interior angle. In 1836 Duncan Gregory generalized this result as follows: Given any convex cyclic 2 n -gon, then the two sums of alternate interior angles are each equal to ( n -1) π {\displaystyle \pi } . [ 4 ]
A quadric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose four vertices all lie on the perimeter of a square. [7] A diametric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral having one of its sides as a diameter of the circumcircle. [8] A Hjelmslev quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two right angles at opposite vertices. [9]
An easy formula for these properties is that in any three points in any shape, there is a triangle formed. Triangle ABC (example) has 3 points, and therefore, three angles; angle A, angle B, and angle C. Angle A, B, and C will always, when put together, will form 360 degrees. So, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 360°
In Euclidean geometry, the sum of the exterior angles of a simple convex polygon, if only one of the two exterior angles is assumed at each vertex, will be one full turn (360°). The exterior angle here could be called a supplementary exterior angle. Exterior angles are commonly used in Logo Turtle programs when drawing regular polygons.
The 'interior' or 'internal bisector' of an angle is the line, half-line, or line segment that divides an angle of less than 180° into two equal angles. The 'exterior' or 'external bisector' is the line that divides the supplementary angle (of 180° minus the original angle), formed by one side forming the original angle and the extension of ...
Ptolemy's theorem is a relation among these lengths in a cyclic quadrilateral. = + In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle).