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The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs. [ 10 ] The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons ( upper motor neurons ) within the precentral gyrus (which ...
The production of speech is a highly complex motor task that involves approximately 100 orofacial, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and respiratory muscles. [2] [3] Precise and expeditious timing of these muscles is essential for the production of temporally complex speech sounds, which are characterized by transitions as short as 10 ms between frequency bands [4] and an average speaking rate of ...
Sense organs are transducers that convert data from the outer physical world to the realm of the mind where people interpret the information, creating their perception of the world around them. [ 1 ] The receptive field is the area of the body or environment to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond.
Any desired movement or action does not have a particular coordination of neurons, muscles, and kinematics that make it possible. This motor equivalency problem became known as the degrees of freedom problem because it is a product of having redundant degrees of freedom available in the motor system.
According to the National Institute of Health, "voluntary control of the tensor tympani muscle is an extremely rare event", [5] where "rare" seems to refer more to the scarcity of test subjects and/or studies than the percentage of the general population who have voluntary control. The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw ...
The stapedius dampens the vibrations of the stapes by pulling on the neck of that bone. [2]: 863 As one of the muscles involved in the acoustic reflex it prevents excess movement of the stapes, helping to control the amplitude of sound waves from the general external environment to the inner ear.
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Except for the muscles that control the eye, which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain, all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain. [8] Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord, and by inputs that descend from the brain.