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In physics and chemistry, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system. The set of all states of a system is known as the system's phase space, and the degrees of freedom of the system are the dimensions of the phase space. The location of a particle in three-dimensional ...
Phase rule. In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing "pVT" systems, whose thermodynamic states are completely described by the variables pressure (p), volume (V) and temperature (T), in thermodynamic equilibrium. If F is the number of degrees of freedom, C is the number of components and P is the number of phases, then.
The number of molecules arriving at an area on one side of the gas layer, with speed at angle from the normal, in time interval is. These molecules made their last collision at a distance above and below the gas layer, and each will contribute a molecular kinetic energy of where is the specific heat capacity.
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs–Duhem equation describes the relationship between changes in chemical potential for components in a thermodynamic system: [1] where is the number of moles of component the infinitesimal increase in chemical potential for this component, the entropy, the absolute temperature, volume and the pressure. is the number ...
The degrees of freedom x n are coordinates on the phase space of the system and are therefore commonly subdivided into generalized position coordinates q k and generalized momentum coordinates p k, where p k is the conjugate momentum to q k. In this situation, formula 1 means that for all k,
Molar heat capacity. The molar heat capacity of a chemical substance is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one mole of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. Alternatively, it is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the amount of substance of the sample; or ...
In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol c) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat capacity or as the specific heat. More formally it is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance ...
Molecular geometry. Geometry of the water molecule with values for O-H bond length and for H-O-H bond angle between two bonds. Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other ...