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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.
High frequency ventilation is thought to reduce ventilator-associated lung injury, especially in the context of ARDS and acute lung injury. [ 7 ] Permissive hypercapnia and hypoxaemia allow the patient to be ventilated at less aggressive settings and can, therefore, mitigate all forms of ventilator-associated lung injury
The primary treatment involves mechanical ventilation together with treatments directed at the underlying cause. [1] Ventilation strategies include using low volumes and low pressures. [1] If oxygenation remains insufficient, lung recruitment maneuvers and neuromuscular blockers may be used. [1]
However, it has now been shown that biphasic cuirass ventilation can effectively be used without the need for a tracheotomy. Other potential treatments for CCHS include oxygen therapy and medicine for stimulating the respiratory system. Currently, problems arise with the extended use of ventilators, including fatal infections and pneumonia. [21]
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a sub-type of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) which occurs in people who are receiving mechanical ventilation. VAP is not characterized by the causative agents; rather, as its name implies, definition of VAP is restricted to patients undergoing mechanical ventilation while in a hospital.
If the symptoms worsen, the pneumonia does not improve with home treatment, or complications occur, hospitalization may be required. [69] Worldwide, approximately 7–13% of cases in children result in hospitalization, [ 23 ] whereas in the developed world between 22 and 42% of adults with community-acquired pneumonia are admitted. [ 69 ]
Some more commonly seen instances of alveolar lung disease include pulmonary edema and pneumonia. For pulmonary edema, medical treatment in addition to measures to maintain ventilation include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the lungs. Presumed bacterial pneumonia is typically treated with antibiotics.
Mechanical ventilator. Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute respiratory failure may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), [7] [8] antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary oedema), amongst others.