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Studies have found that the father is a child's preferred attachment figure in approximately 5–20% of cases. [1] [2] [3] Fathers and mothers may react differently to the same behaviour in an infant, and the infant may react to the parents' behaviour differently depending on which parent performs it.
The authors concluded that the father's absence seemed to be more of a cause than a consequence of the child's problem behavior. [1] Through direct interaction, fathers' involvement in children's development has a positive influence on their social, behavioral, and psychological outcomes.
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between the father's age at conception and biological effects on the child. [1] Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy, and psychological outcomes. [2]
Building on his research on parent-child relationships, Lamb has explored variations in father involvement and their effects on children's development. [8] This has included traditional and non-traditional families, single fathers, families in economic struggle, and those at risk regarding domestic violence .
Parenting roles in child development have typically focused on the role of the mother. Recent literature, however, has looked toward the father as having an important role in child development. Affirming a role for fathers, studies have shown that children as young as 15 months benefit significantly from substantial engagement with their father.
A father and a mother holding their infant child. Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and educational development from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a biological relationship. [1]
The father of a child can develop the bond during the pregnancy of his partner, feeling attachment to the developing child. Research indicates that this may have some biological basis. [ 3 ] Statistics show that fathers' levels of testosterone tend to decline several months before the birth of the child.
There is little evidence supporting that the absence of a father figure has an effect on children and adolescent’s cognitive ability. [13] Through examining long-term effects of father figure absence on adulthood, there is strong evidence that there is a strong causal effect of father absence on adult mental health.