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In machine learning, backpropagation [1] is a gradient estimation method commonly used for training a neural network to compute its parameter updates. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks.
Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated).
Backpropagation through structure (BPTS) is a gradient-based technique for training recursive neural networks, proposed in a 1996 paper written by Christoph Goller and Andreas Küchler. [ 1 ] References
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Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a gradient-based technique for training certain types of recurrent neural networks, such as Elman networks. The algorithm was independently derived by numerous researchers.
Paul John Werbos (born September 4, 1947) is an American social scientist and machine learning pioneer. He is best known for his 1974 dissertation, which first described the process of training artificial neural networks through backpropagation of errors. [1]
Backpropagation allowed researchers to train supervised deep artificial neural networks from scratch, initially with little success. Hochreiter's diplom thesis of 1991 formally identified the reason for this failure in the "vanishing gradient problem", [2] [3] which not only affects many-layered feedforward networks, [4] but also recurrent ...
Rprop, short for resilient backpropagation, is a learning heuristic for supervised learning in feedforward artificial neural networks. This is a first-order optimization algorithm. This algorithm was created by Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun in 1992. [1]