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Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
Marlow Industries Incorporated was founded by Raymond Marlow in 1973. [1] It was focused on thermoelectric cooling technology, value-added systems for the aerospace, defense, medical, industrial, automotive, power and defense sectors.
One example of these materials is the semiconductor compound ß-Zn 4 Sb 3, which possesses an exceptionally low thermal conductivity and exhibits a maximum zT of 1.3 at a temperature of 670K. This material is also relatively inexpensive and stable up to this temperature in a vacuum, and can be a good alternative in the temperature range between ...
Typically, the use of the Peltier effect as a heat pump device involves multiple junctions in series, through which a current is driven. Some of the junctions lose heat due to the Peltier effect, while others gain heat. Thermoelectric pumps exploit this phenomenon, as do thermoelectric cooling Peltier modules found in refrigerators. [10]
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. [1] A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one side to the other, creating a temperature ...
The main disadvantage of Peltier coolers is low efficiency. It is estimated that materials with ZT>3 (about 20–30% Carnot efficiency) would be required to replace traditional coolers in most applications. [81] Today, Peltier coolers are only used in niche applications, especially small scale, where efficiency is not important. [131]
The system's power density was some maximum power density of 60+-3 1 W m −2 (based on a single electrode), with a maximum energy density of 453 W h m −3 (normalized to the electrolyte volume), substantially higher than that of other liquid-centered thermal-electrics. [3] Power density increased with the number of batteries in the system. [1]
The Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower, [1] thermoelectric power, and thermoelectric sensitivity) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the Seebeck effect. [2]