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  2. Ciphertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext

    In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. [1] Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it.

  3. Cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher

    The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is not in a format readable by a human or computer without the proper mechanism to decrypt it. The operation of a cipher usually depends on a piece of auxiliary information, called a key (or, in traditional NSA parlance, a cryptovariable ).

  4. AES implementations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementations

    It makes some of the plaintext structure visible in the ciphertext. Selecting other modes, such as using a sequential counter over the block prior to encryption (i.e., CTR mode) and removing it after decryption avoids this problem. Another mode, Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) is one of the most commonly used modes of AES due to its use in TLS. CBC ...

  5. Galois/Counter Mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois/Counter_Mode

    where H = E k (0 128) is the hash key, a string of 128 zero bits encrypted using the block cipher, A is data which is only authenticated (not encrypted), C is the ciphertext, m is the number of 128-bit blocks in A (rounded up), n is the number of 128-bit blocks in C (rounded up), and the variable X i for i = 0, ..., m + n + 1 is defined below. [3]

  6. Copiale cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiale_cipher

    The Copiale cipher is an encrypted manuscript consisting of 75,000 handwritten characters filling 105 pages in a bound volume. [1] Undeciphered for more than 260 years, the document was decrypted in 2011 with computer assistance.

  7. Ascon (cipher) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascon_(cipher)

    The encryption input also includes a public nonce N, the output - authentication tag T, size of the ciphertext C is the same as that of P. The decryption uses N, A, C, and T as inputs and produces either P or signals verification failure if the message has been altered. Nonce and tag have the same size as the key K (k bits). [6]

  8. Ciphertext stealing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext_stealing

    C n = Head (E n−1, M). Select the first M bits of E n−1 to create C n. The final ciphertext block, C n, is composed of the leading M bits of the second-to-last ciphertext block. In all cases, the last two blocks are sent in a different order than the corresponding plaintext blocks. D n = P n || Tail (E n−1, B−M

  9. Caesar cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher

    The cipher illustrated here uses a left shift of 3, so that (for example) each occurrence of E in the plaintext becomes B in the ciphertext. In cryptography , a Caesar cipher , also known as Caesar's cipher , the shift cipher , Caesar's code , or Caesar shift , is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques.