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The accelerated expansion of the universe is thought to have begun since the universe entered its dark-energy-dominated era roughly 5 billion years ago. [ 8 ] [ notes 1 ] Within the framework of general relativity , an accelerated expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the cosmological constant Λ , equivalent to the presence of ...
Because of the high rate of expansion, it is also possible for a distance between two objects to be greater than the value calculated by multiplying the speed of light by the age of the universe. These details are a frequent source of confusion among amateurs and even professional physicists. [ 33 ]
It represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light, as in the Hubble horizon, but rather the speed of light ...
Even light itself does not have a "velocity" of c in this sense; the total velocity of any object can be expressed as the sum = + where is the recession velocity due to the expansion of the universe (the velocity given by Hubble's law) and is the "peculiar velocity" measured by local observers (with = ˙ () and = ˙ (), the dots indicating a ...
The Hubble length or Hubble distance is a unit of distance in cosmology, defined as cH −1 — the speed of light multiplied by the Hubble time. It is equivalent to 4,420 million parsecs or 14.4 billion light years. (The numerical value of the Hubble length in light years is, by definition, equal to that of the Hubble time in years.)
Much like the concept of a terrestrial horizon, it represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, [1] so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. [2] Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light ...
The light-travel distance to the edge of the observable universe is the age of the universe times the speed of light, 13.8 billion light years. This is the distance that a photon emitted shortly after the Big Bang, such as one from the cosmic microwave background , has traveled to reach observers on Earth.
Although the distance traveled by light from the edge of the observable universe is close to the age of the universe times the speed of light, 13.8 billion light-years (4.2 × 10 ^ 9 pc), the proper distance is larger because the edge of the observable universe and the Earth have since moved further apart. [52]