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The 2012 documentary Nicotine Bees argued that neonicotinoid pesticides are principally responsible for colony collapse disorder. [ 212 ] More than Honey , a 2012 documentary, examined the relationship between humans and bees and explored possible causes of CCD.
Pesticides, especially neonicotinoids, have been investigated in relation to risks for bees such as Colony Collapse Disorder. A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as clothianidin represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees.
MAAREC has been researching alternatives to chemical controls and promotion of less reliance on chemical pesticides for mite control. MAAREC's Colony Collapse Disorder Working Group is investigating colony collapse disorder. [3]
Varroa in combination with viral vectors and bacteria have been theoretically implicated in colony collapse disorder. [ citation needed ] It is known that thymol , a compound produced by thyme , naturally occurring in thyme honey, is a treatment for Varroa , though it may cause bee mortality at high concentrations. [ 2 ]
Varroa mite has also been implicated as one of the multiple causes of colony collapse disorder. Management of this pest focuses on reducing mite numbers through monitoring to avoid significant hive losses or death. 3% of bees infested in a hive is considered an economic threshold where damage is high enough to warrant additional management.
Fipronil is one of the main chemical causes blamed for the spread of colony collapse disorder among bees. [ citation needed ] It has been found by the Minutes-Association for Technical Coordination Fund in France that even at very low nonlethal doses for bees, the pesticide still impairs their ability to locate their hive , resulting in large ...
As of 2007, a new phenomenon called colony collapse disorder (CCD) began affecting bee hives all over North America. Initial speculation on possible causes included new parasites, pesticide use, [112] and the use of Bt transgenic crops. [113]
[11] [12] Spivak has extensively studied the causes and impacts of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a phenomenon where honey bee hives are abandoned by their worker bees. She attributes CCD to a combination of factors, including parasites, diseases, poor nutrition, pesticide poisonings, and habitat loss.