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  2. Tectonic–climatic interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic–climatic...

    Tectonic–climatic interaction is the interrelationship between tectonic processes and the climate system. The tectonic processes in question include orogenesis, volcanism, and erosion, while relevant climatic processes include atmospheric circulation, orographic lift, monsoon circulation and the rain shadow effect.

  3. Orographic lift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_lift

    As air flows over mountain barriers, orographic lift can create a variety of cloud effects. Orographic fog is formed as the air rises up the slope and will often envelope the summit. When the air is humid, some of the moisture will fall on the windward slope and on the summit of the mountain.

  4. Earth system interactions across mountain belts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_interactions...

    How Earth systems interact across a mountain belt is dependent upon the mountain belts location and orientation. [1] Different mountain belts exist at different latitudes which means that different mountain belts experience different climatic conditions including temperature and degree of glaciation (which can shape relief [50] [51]). This ...

  5. Mountain range - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range

    A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually an orogeny . [ 1 ]

  6. Altitudinal zonation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation

    Heating of solids, sunlight and shade in different altitudinal zones (Northern hemisphere) [5] A variety of environmental factors determines the boundaries of altitudinal zones found on mountains, ranging from direct effects of temperature and precipitation to indirect characteristics of the mountain itself, as well as biological interactions of the species.

  7. Orography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orography

    Mountain ranges and elevated land masses have a major impact on global climate. For instance, the elevated areas of East Africa substantially determine the strength of the Indian monsoon. [4] In scientific models, such as general circulation models, orography defines the lower boundary of the model over land. [citation needed]

  8. Alpine planetary boundary layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_planetary_boundary...

    Understanding the processes inducing changes in the mountain PBL have critical applications for predicting air pollution transport, [1] fire weather and local intense thunderstorm events. While some processes, such as mountain waves , have been well studied in the mountain PBL due to their importance for aviation, most of the behaviors of the ...

  9. Cold-air damming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-air_damming

    Cold air damming, or CAD, is a meteorological phenomenon that involves a high-pressure system (anticyclone) accelerating equatorward east of a north-south oriented mountain range due to the formation of a barrier jet behind a cold front associated with the poleward portion of a split upper level trough. Initially, a high-pressure system moves ...