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A dried cannabis flower. The short-term effects of cannabis are caused by many chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 [clarification needed] different cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, and 120 terpenes, [1] which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body.
The actions of Δ 9-THC result from its partial agonist activity at the cannabinoid receptor CB 1 (K i = 40.7 nM [23]), located mainly in the central nervous system, and the CB 2 receptor (K i = 36 nM [23]), mainly expressed in cells of the immune system. [24] The psychoactive effects of THC are primarily mediated by the activation of (mostly G ...
In Phase III trials, the most common adverse effects were dizziness, drowsiness and disorientation; 12% of subjects stopped taking the drug because of the side effects. [57] Dronabinol (brand names Marinol and Syndros) is a delta-9-THC containing drug for treating HIV/AIDS-induced anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. [58]
Via CB 1 receptor activation, THC indirectly increases dopamine release and produces psychotropic effects. [128] CBD also acts as an allosteric modulator of the μ-and δ-opioid receptors. [129] THC also potentiates the effects of the glycine receptors. [130] It is unknown if or how these actions contribute to the effects of cannabis. [131]
[14] [15] Studies of chronic cannabis users have demonstrated, although inconsistently, a long-lasting effect on the attention span, memory function, and cognitive abilities of moderate-dose, long-term users. Once cannabis use is discontinued for several months, these effects disappear, unless the user started consuming during adolescence.
The effectiveness of THC and CBD depends on the method you use to consume them, your body’s make up, and physiological processes. Bioavailability can be influenced by your body’s make up ...
[64] 11-OH-THC is the first metabolic product in this pathway. Both Delta-9-THC and 11-OH-THC are psychoactive. The metabolism of THC into 11-OH-THC plays a part in the heightened psychoactive effects of edible cannabis. [65] Next, 11-OH-THC is metabolized in the liver into 11-COOH-THC, which is the second metabolic product of THC.
The time to onset of effects depends strongly on stomach content, but is usually 1 to 2 hours, and may continue for a considerable length of time, whereas the effects of smoking or vaporizing cannabis are almost immediate, lasting a shorter length of time. [10] All of the active constituents enter the body when cannabis is consumed orally.