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  2. X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction

    Barkla created the x-ray notation for sharp spectral lines, noting in 1909 two separate energies, at first, naming them "A" and "B" and, supposing that there may be lines prior to "A", he started an alphabet numbering beginning with "K." [2] [3] Single-slit experiments in the laboratory of Arnold Sommerfeld suggested that X-rays had a ...

  3. List of molecular graphics systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_molecular_graphics...

    MM XRD: Free open-source: Java 3D applet or standalone program: Ovito: MM XRD EM MD: Free open-source: Python [13] [14] PyMOL: MM XRD SMI EM: Open-source [15] Python [16] [self-published source?] According to the author, almost 1/4 of all published images of 3D protein structures in the scientific literature were made via PyMOL. [citation ...

  4. Biological data visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_data_visualization

    Visualization of the distribution and interaction of nanoparticles within the matrix can be carried out using techniques like TEM, SEM, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Carbon nanotube. Nanotubes, specifically carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are cylindrical structures with diameters as small as 1 nanometer. They have remarkable mechanical, electrical, and ...

  5. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_X-ray...

    [4] Compared with destructive techniques, e.g. three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction (3D EBSD), [5] with which the sample is serially sectioned and imaged, 3DXRD and similar X-ray nondestructive techniques have the following advantages: They require less sample preparation, thus limiting the introduction of new structures in the ...

  6. X-ray diffraction computed tomography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction_computed...

    X-ray diffraction computed tomography, often abbreviated as XRD-CT, typically refers to the technique invented by Harding et al. [1] which assumes that the acquired data are powder diffraction data. For this reason, it has also been mentioned as powder diffraction computed tomography [ 7 ] and diffraction scattering computed tomography (DSCT ...

  7. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    A powder X-ray diffractometer in motion. X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.

  8. Selected area diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selected_area_diffraction

    For two reasons, these conditions result in a diffractogram of concentric rings: There are discrete spacings between various parallel crystallographic planes and therefore the beams satisfying the diffraction condition can only form diffraction spots in discrete distances from the transmitted beam.

  9. Scherrer equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherrer_Equation

    These and other imperfections may also result in peak shift, peak asymmetry, anisotropic peak broadening, or other peak shape effects. [ 3 ] If all of these other contributions to the peak width, including instrumental broadening, were zero, then the peak width would be determined solely by the crystallite size and the Scherrer equation would ...