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Contemporary theodicy takes one, or some combination, of four general approaches to addressing the problem of evil, (five if one counts the anti-theodicy position as a theodicy). [20]: i The first can be called the protological approach. It asserts God's decisions and actions at creation are reconcilable with omni-benevolence, despite the many ...
According to Islamic tradition, which criticism may question or contradict, the Quran followed a passage from heaven down to the angel Gabriel (Jabreel) who revealed it in the seventh century CE over 23 years to a Hejazi Arab trader, Muhammad, who became one of the Prophets of Islam. [3]
The problem of evil is generally formulated in two forms: the logical problem of evil and the evidential problem of evil. The logical form of the argument tries to show a logical impossibility in the coexistence of a god and evil, [2] [9] while the evidential form tries to show that given the evil in the world, it is improbable that there is an ...
Maimonides, a twelfth-century rabbi, did not question the strict monotheism of Islam, and considered Islam to be a instrument of divine providence for bringing all of humankind to the worship of the one true God, but was critical of the practical politics of Muslim regimes and considered Islamic ethics and politics to be inferior to their ...
Although most common translations of maʿrūf is "good" and munkar "evil", the words used for good and evil in Islamic philosophy are ḥusn and qubh. In its most common usage, maʿrūf is "in accordance with the custom", while munkar (singular nukr ), which has no place in the custom, is the opposite. [ 13 ]
The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by al-Kindi (Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and ...
In the Islamic view, jihad is two types: [3] External jihad ( physical jihad): Jihad (the help of God's religion) is with pen or tongue or sword. [3] Inner jihad ( spiritual or jihad al-nafs ): Jihad al-nafs is against all evil, anger, lust, insatiable imagination and any other bad morality in humans. [4]
He argues that the necessary existent must be unique, using a proof by contradiction, or reductio, showing that a contradiction would follow if one supposes that there were more than one necessary existent. If one postulates two necessary existents, A and B, a simplified version of the argument considers two possibilities: if A is distinct from ...