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Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics.
(Curved letters such as a, c, e, m, n, o, r, s, and u tend to exceed the x-height slightly, due to overshoot; i has a dot that tends to go above x-height.) One of the most important dimensions of a font, x-height defines how high lowercase letters without ascenders are compared to the cap height of uppercase letters.
Letterlike Symbols is a Unicode block containing 80 characters which are constructed mainly from the glyphs of one or more letters. In addition to this block, Unicode includes full styled mathematical alphabets , although Unicode does not explicitly categorize these characters as being "letterlike."
Modern LaTeX implementations (XeTeX, LuaTeX) can utilize a Fraktur font the usual way using the fontspec package. For traditional implementations (pdfTeX and older), the \mathfrak{ } command defined in the amssymb, amsfonts or eufrak package is available. This command does not use Unicode to typeset letters in fraktur: it has its own method. [16]
For example, U+2118 ℘ SCRIPT CAPITAL P is actually a lowercase p, and so is given alias name ※ WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name, and through the alias the correct spelling is added."
The letter m has three, the left, middle, and right stems. The central stroke of an s is known as the spine. [6] When the stroke is part of a lowercase [4] and rises above the height of an x (the x height), it is known as an ascender. [7] Letters with ascenders are b d f h k l. A stroke which drops below the baseline is a descender. [7]
The STIX Fonts project or Scientific and Technical Information Exchange (STIX), is a project sponsored by several leading scientific and technical publishers to provide, under royalty-free license, a comprehensive font set of mathematical symbols and alphabets, intended to serve the scientific and engineering community for electronic and print publication.
The template attempts to use any calligraphic font that may be installed on several operating systems, either as default or as part of an office package. The fonts called are: Lucida Calligraphy, Monotype Corsiva, URW Chancery L, Apple Chancery, and Tex Gyre Chorus. Failing all these, the generic font families cursive and serif are used.