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Over the next decade increasing evidence accumulated from actuarial reports [2] [19] and longitudinal studies, such as the Framingham Heart Study, [20] that "benign" hypertension increased death and cardiovascular disease, and that these risks increased in a graded manner with increasing blood pressure across the whole spectrum of population ...
Guidelines on the choice of agents and how best to step up treatment for various subgroups in hypertension (high blood pressure) have changed over time and differ between countries. A Comparison of International Guidelines on Goal Blood Pressure and Initial Therapy for Adults With Hypertension (adapted from JNC 8 guidelines [ 1 ] )
For most people, recommendations are to reduce blood pressure to less than or equal to somewhere between 140/90 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg. [2] In general, for people with elevated blood pressure, attempting to achieve lower levels of blood pressure than the recommended 140/90 mmHg will create more harm than benefits, [3] in particular for older people. [4]
In a systematic review, the DASH diet reduced blood pressure by an average of 5.2/2.6 mmHg, however the blood pressure lowering effects may vary and will typically have a greater effect in people with a higher baseline blood pressure (especially those with hypertension) or BMI. [22]
Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1–2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy. [92] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis. [93] An exception to this is those with very high blood pressure readings, especially when there is poor organ ...
Demonstration that intensive glycemic control in type 1 diabetes reduces chronic side effects more as glucose levels approach 'normal' in a large longitudinal study, [149] and also in type 2 diabetics in other large studies; Identification of the first thiazolidinedione as an effective insulin sensitizer during the 1990s
[1] [2] It is the most common type affecting 85% of those with high blood pressure. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The remaining 15% is accounted for by various causes of secondary hypertension . [ 3 ] Essential hypertension tends to be familial and is likely to be the consequence of an interaction between environmental and genetic factors.
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is known as pulse pressure, [1] while the average pressure during a cardiac cycle is known as mean arterial pressure. [2] Blood pressure is one of the vital signs—together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature—that healthcare professionals use ...