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In the mid-1960s, physicist William Shockley sparked controversy by claiming there might be genetic reasons that black people in the United States tended to score lower on IQ tests than white people. In 1969 the educational psychologist Arthur Jensen published a long article with the suggestion that compensatory education could have failed to ...
Several authors, including Leon Kamin in The Science and Politics of IQ, [24] Angela Saini in Superior: The Return of Race Science, [25] and John P. Jackson, Jr. and Nadine M. Weidman in Race, Racism, and Science, [26] have argued that since the early years of IQ testing comparisons between nations have been used to justify discrimination ...
Geneticist Alan R. Templeton argued that the question about the possible genetic effects on the test score gap is muddled by the general focus on "race" rather than on populations defined by gene frequency or by geographical proximity, and by the general insistence on phrasing the question in terms of heritability. [150]
As of 2017, Italian and French nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (QNI), [24] [25] earning a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, just ahead of Germany. [26]
The early environmental movement largely ignored the plight of poor people and people of color who, even in the mid-20th century, were increasingly exposed to environmental hazards. [ 139 ] Policies related to redlining and urban decay can also act as a form of environmental racism , and in turn, affect public health.
Asian alone 4.75% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0.17% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Some Other Race Alone 6.19% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Mixed (Two or More Races) 2.92% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Population: 308 745 538
For some people, passing as white and using their whiteness to uplift other black people was the best way to undermine the system that relegated black people to a lower position in society. [4] These same people that were able to pass as white were sometimes known for leaving the African American community and getting an education, later to ...
Race-norming, more formally called within-group score conversion and score adjustment strategy, is the practice of adjusting test scores to account for the race or ethnicity of the test-taker. [1] In the United States, it was first implemented by the Federal Government in 1981 with little publicity, [ 2 ] and was subsequently outlawed by the ...