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This was one of the first examples of modern scientific racism, in which a veneer of science was used to bolster belief in the superiority of a particular race. [30] [31] Sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois argued that black populations just as much as white ones naturally give rise to what he termed a "talented tenth" of intellectually gifted ...
[14] [15] However, males score higher on standardized math tests, and these score gaps also increase with age. Male students also score higher on measures of college readiness, such as the AP Calculus exams [16] and the math section of the SAT. [17] [18] Significant race or sex differences exist in the completion of Algebra I. [19]
Several authors, including Leon Kamin in The Science and Politics of IQ, [24] Angela Saini in Superior: The Return of Race Science, [25] and John P. Jackson, Jr. and Nadine M. Weidman in Race, Racism, and Science, [26] have argued that since the early years of IQ testing comparisons between nations have been used to justify discrimination ...
Geneticist Alan R. Templeton argued that the question about the possible genetic effects on the test score gap is muddled by the general focus on "race" rather than on populations defined by gene frequency or by geographical proximity, and by the general insistence on phrasing the question in terms of heritability. [150]
The twentieth century witnessed a great expansion of the upper bounds of the human life span. At the beginning of the century, average life expectancy in the United States was 47 years. By the century's end, the average life expectancy had risen to over 70 years, and it was not unusual for Americans to exceed 80 years of age.
2004 study found the median credit score for whites in 2001 was 738, but the median credit score for African Americans was 676 and for Hispanics was 670. [37] 2004 research study found fewer than 40% of consumers who lived in high-Black Indigenous and people of color [BIPOC] neighborhoods had credit scores of over 701. [38]
For some people, passing as white and using their whiteness to uplift other black people was the best way to undermine the system that relegated black people to a lower position in society. [4] These same people that were able to pass as white were sometimes known for leaving the African American community and getting an education, later to ...
Social interpretations of race regard the common categorizations of people into different races. Race is often culturally understood to be rigid categories (Black, White, Pasifika, Asian, etc) in which people can be classified based on biological markers or physical traits such as skin colour or facial features. This rigid definition of race is ...