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The phreatic zone, saturated zone, or zone of saturation, is the part of an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. The part above the water table is the vadose zone (also called unsaturated zone).
The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with groundwater, [1] which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the locality. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated.
The vadose zone does not include the area that is still saturated above the water table, often referred to as the capillary fringe. [ 1 ] Movement of water within the vadose zone is studied within soil physics and hydrology , particularly hydrogeology , and is of importance to agriculture , contaminant transport, and flood control .
Water table is the upper level of the zone of saturation, an underground surface in which the soil or rock is permanently saturated with water. [9] Well yield is the volume of water per unit time that is produced by the well from pumping. [8]
Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the vadose zone, capillary fringe, water table, and saturated zone. The capillary fringe is the subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores. Pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with water due to tension saturation.
Cross-section of a hillslope depicting the vadose zone, capillary fringe, water table, and phreatic or saturated zone. (Source: United States Geological Survey.) Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences. The infiltration capacity is defined as the ...
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The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 m (700–4,900 ft), depending on local circumstances.