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MFM images of 3.2 Gb and 30 Gb computer hard-drive surfaces. Comparison of Faraday-effect image (left) and MFM image (inset, lower-right) of a magnetic film. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a variety of atomic force microscopy, in which a sharp magnetized tip scans a magnetic sample; the tip-sample magnetic interactions are detected and used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the ...
Crookes X-ray tube from around 1910 Another Crookes x-ray tube. The device attached to the neck of the tube (right) is an "osmotic softener". When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, [16] it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube.
The magnetic pressure force is readily observed in an unsupported loop of wire. If an electric current passes through the loop, the wire serves as an electromagnet , such that the magnetic field strength inside the loop is much greater than the field strength just outside the loop.
The yoke contains the deflection and convergence coils with a ferrite core to reduce loss of magnetic force [273] [269] as well as the magnetized rings used to align or adjust the electron beams in color CRTs (The color purity and convergence rings, for example) [274] and monochrome CRTs.
Pyrometers principle: temperature dependence of spectral intensity of light (Planck's law), i.e. the color of the light relates to the temperature of its source, range: from about −50 °C to +4000 °C, note: measurement of thermal radiation (instead of thermal conduction, or thermal convection) means: no physical contact becomes necessary in ...
Sunspots can continue to grow as long as there is a constant supply of new flux from small flux tubes on the surface of the Sun. [1] The magnetic field within the flux tube can be compressed by decreasing the gas pressure inside and therefore the internal temperature of the tube while maintaining a constant pressure outside.
The force at which the bond breaks up is measured. Since mechanical breaking is a kinetic, stochastic process, the breaking force is not an absolute parameter, but it is a function of both temperature and pulling speed. Low temperatures and high pulling speeds correspond to higher breaking forces.
Gaseous deposition on the tip is carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum (5 x 10 −8 mbar) chamber at a low temperature (10K). Depositions of Xe, Kr, NO, CH 4 or CO [52] on tip have been successfully prepared and used for imaging studies. However, these tips preparations rely on the attachment of single atoms or molecules on the tip and the ...