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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The treaty has now been signed by 54 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and the now-defunct Soviet Union.
Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. [1] The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have acceded to the treaty.
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, is a complementary legal instrument to the Antarctic Treaty signed in Madrid on 4 October 1991. It entered into force on 14 January 1998.
The Antarctic Treaty, the international agreement that regulates Antarctic activity, has been signed by 54 countries. Of those, 38 have national Antarctic programs. 33 of these programs have a permanent presence in Antarctica and are members of Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP).
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), 1996; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), Canberra, 1980 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora [4] Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources [5] Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals [6]
1814 – Treaty of Ghent – Ends the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Great Britain, returning the two countries to the status quo ante bellum. 1815 – Commercial treaty with Great Britain – Established free trade between the United States , England , and much of the British Empire ( Ireland was among the areas excluded) [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
The Antarctic Treaty was signed on December 1, 1959 by the United States and eleven other nations involved in scientific research on the continent of Antarctica during the preceding biennium; seven of these nations – Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom – had competing territorial claims to Antarctica. [1]