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According to Newtonian mechanics, if the gun and shooter are at rest initially, the force on the bullet will be equal to that on the gun-shooter. This is due to Newton's third law of motion (For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction). Consider a system where the gun and shooter have a combined mass m g and the bullet has a mass m b.
where is the perpendicular distance of the center of mass of the gun below the barrel axis, () is the force on the gun due to the expanding gases, equal and opposite to the force on the bullet, is the moment of inertia of the gun about its center of mass, or its pivot point, and is the angle of rotation of the barrel axis "up" from its ...
[10] [11] Moreover, words which are synonymous in everyday speech are not so in physics: force is not the same as power or pressure, for example, and mass has a different meaning than weight. [12] [13]: 150 The physics concept of force makes quantitative the everyday idea of a push or a pull. Forces in Newtonian mechanics are often due to ...
Free recoil, sometimes called recoil energy, is a byproduct of the propulsive force from the powder charge held within a firearm chamber (metallic cartridge firearm) or breech (gunpowder firearm). The physical event of free recoil occurs when a powder charge is deflagrated within a firearm, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy held ...
For example, a shot mass of 10 kilograms (22 lb) with an offset of 0.1 mm and spin velocity of 500 cycles/sec will generate a force of 9870 N. [ 6 ] In another case assume that a non-straight barrel has a radius of curvature of 1000 m, which is a relatively straight barrel.
Therefore, with equal or greater mass retention, the bullet proves to exhibit a higher sectional density necessary for sufficient penetration throughout its intended range. In the real world, where people make some occasional mistakes in judgement, flat pointed bullets can have some forgiving advantages. Bullets fail in a variety of ways.
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI defines a “mass shooting” as any incident in which at least four people are murdered with a gun. Notably, this definition requires that ...
The general formula for the kinetic energy is =, where v is the velocity of the bullet and m is the mass of the bullet. Although both mass and velocity contribute to the muzzle energy, the muzzle energy is proportional to the mass while proportional to the square of the velocity. The velocity of the bullet is a more important determinant of ...