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The duration of cocaine use is a major contributing factor to the severity of the adverse retinal effect. [ 24 ] Cocaine use is also associated with retinal hemorrhage due to the general increase in blood pressure and blood vessel occlusion within the retina. [ 25 ]
The effects of PCE later in a child's life are poorly understood; as of 2010 , little information was available about the effects of in utero cocaine exposure on children over the age of five. [2] Some studies have found PCE-related differences in height and weight, while others have not; these differences are generally either small or are gone ...
Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40–60 minutes after the peak effects are attained. [104] Cocaine crosses the blood–brain barrier via both a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter [18] [19] and (to a lesser extent) via passive diffusion across cell membranes. [20]
Crack cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine. However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an acidic solution such as lemon juice (containing citric acid ) or white vinegar (containing acetic acid ), a process that effectively reverses the original conversion of powder ...
Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being, euphoria, energy, sociability, and sexuality. The former are some of the desired effects of cocaine intoxication. Not having the normal use of mental faculties by reason of the introduction of cocaine is defined drug intoxication by the laws in America, Europe, and most of the rest of the world, and it is a serious crime in specific contexts ...
Dilation and constriction of the pupil Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, [ 1 ] via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response ( miosis ), [ 2 ] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates / opioids or ...
From birth, the pupils of an infant remain constricted to limit the amount of entering light. In regards to pupil dimensions, newborns' pupils grow from approximately 2.2 mm to an adult length of 3.3 mm. [2] A one-month-old infant can detect a light threshold only when it is approximately 50 times greater than that of an adult. By two months ...
In the United States, past year cocaine users in 2019 was 5.5 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 97,000 users; ages 18–25 had 1.8 million users and ages 26 or older had 3.6 million users. [10] Past year cocaine users with a cocaine use disorder in 2019 was 1 million for people aged 12 or older.