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Functional programming is an active area of research in the field of programming language theory. There are several peer-reviewed publication venues focusing on functional programming, including the International Conference on Functional Programming, the Journal of Functional Programming, and the Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming.
Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category.
In functional programming, fold (also termed reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject) refers to a family of higher-order functions that analyze a recursive data structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a return value.
FP (short for functional programming) [2] is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming [2] paradigm. It allows building programs from a set of generally useful primitives and avoiding named variables (a style also called tacit programming or "point free").
In a purely functional language, the only dependencies between computations are data dependencies, and computations are deterministic. Therefore, to program in parallel, the programmer need only specify the pieces that should be computed in parallel, and the runtime can handle all other details such as distributing tasks to processors, managing synchronization and communication, and collecting ...
Functional programming is a subset of declarative programming. Programs written using this paradigm use functions , blocks of code intended to behave like mathematical functions . Functional languages discourage changes in the value of variables through assignment , making a great deal of use of recursion instead.
In functional programming, a monad is a structure that combines program fragments and wraps their return values in a type with additional computation. In addition to defining a wrapping monadic type, monads define two operators: one to wrap a value in the monad type, and another to compose together functions that output values of the monad type (these are known as monadic functions).
The term closure is often used as a synonym for anonymous function, though strictly, an anonymous function is a function literal without a name, while a closure is an instance of a function, a value, whose non-local variables have been bound either to values or to storage locations (depending on the language; see the lexical environment section below).