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Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the Byzantine Empire or outside its borders. [1] It was marked by a linguistic diglossy ; two distinct forms of Byzantine Greek were used, a scholarly dialect based on Attic Greek , and a vernacular based on Koine Greek .
Early Christian art and architecture (or Paleochristian art) is the art produced by Christians, or under Christian patronage, from the earliest period of Christianity to, depending on the definition, sometime between 260 and 525. In practice, identifiably Christian art only survives from the 2nd century onwards. [1]
The restoration of the Byzantine Empire by the Komnenian dynasty after the defeats of the 1070s brought a flourishing of Byzantine literature. In historiography, notable figures include Nikephoros Bryennios and his wife Anna Komnene , with John Kinnamos emerging in the following generation.
Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, [1] as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the decline of western Rome and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, [2] the start date of the Byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history, if still ...
Most Christian groups use or have used art to some extent, including early Christian art and architecture and Christian media. Images of Jesus and narrative scenes from the Life of Christ are the most common subjects, and scenes from the Old Testament play a part in the art of most denominations.
Early Christian art, more generally described as Late Antique art, covers the period from about 200 (before which no distinct Christian art survives), until the onset of a fully Byzantine style in about 500. There continue to be different views as to when the medieval period begins during this time, both in terms of general history and ...
Subjects in Byzantine art were primarily Christian and typically non-naturalistic in their representation. [313] Emerging from both the earliest Christian and Late Antique art, [314] many early examples were lost amid the Roman Persecution; the fragmented mosaics of the 3rd-century Dura-Europos church are a unique exception. [315]
The Early Renaissance was a period of great creative and intellectual activity when artists broke away completely from the parameters of Byzantine art. It is generally accepted that it started in Florence in present-day Italy in the early 15th century.