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The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect, [1] is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1.5–2.0% more attractive in a group than when seen alone. [2] The first paper to report this effect was written by Drew Walker and Edward Vul, in 2013. [3]
The group attractiveness effect is where a group's overall attractiveness rating is higher than the mean of each individuals' attractiveness rating. This occurs because people selectively attend to the most attractive group members [ 335 ] and thus they get the most attention.
In essence, physically attractive people are given the benefit of the doubt while less attractive individuals must prove that they are bringing value to the group. [12] It has been shown empirically that being physically attractive is correlated with both sociometric and perceived popularity.
The physical attractiveness stereotype was first formally observed in a study done by Karen Dion, Ellen Berscheid, and Elaine Walster in 1972. [1] The goal of this study was to determine whether physical attractiveness affected how individuals were perceived, specifically whether they were perceived to have more socially desirable personality traits and quality of life.
Physical attractiveness is associated with positive qualities; in contrast, physical unattractiveness is associated with negative qualities. Many people make judgments of others based on their physical appearance which influence how they respond to these people.
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Borobudur is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia. [17]Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism.The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a tropical climate, a vast archipelago of 17,508 islands, 6,000 of them being inhabited, [18] the second longest shoreline in the world (54,716 km) after Canada. [19]
In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways.