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Enterococcus faecalis – formerly classified as part of the group D Streptococcus system – is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like other species in the genus Enterococcus , E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic.
Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs ( diplococci ) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [ 2 ]
The genus Enterococcus belongs to the family Enterococcaceae. This genus is divided into 58 species and two subspecies. [18] These gram-positive, coccoid bacteria were once thought to be harmless to the human body. However, within the last ten years, there has been an influx of nosocomial pathogens originating from Enterococcus bacteria. [19] [11]
Many former group D streptococci have been reclassified and placed in the genus Enterococcus (including E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, and E. avium). [22] For example, Streptococcus faecalis is now Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecalis is sometimes alpha-hemolytic and E. faecium is sometimes beta hemolytic. [23]
Enterococcus spp Mouth, GI tract Enterococcus faecalis: General distribution Enterococcus faecium: General distribution Escherichia coli: General distribution Eubacterium spp Mouth, GI tract Faecalibacterium spp Large intestine, small intestine (Ileon) Flavobacterium spp Large intestine, small intestine (Ileon) Fusobacterium spp Mouth, GI tract
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Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, formerly known as group D streptococci, were classified as members of the genus Streptococcus until 1984 and are included in the original Lancefield grouping. [4] Many—but not all—species of streptococcus are beta-hemolytic .
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