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The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences. [1] The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar to refer to forms like "I have finished".
The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding an –isse onto the perfect stem. laudāvisse/laudāsse translates as "to have praised." The perfect passive infinitive uses the perfect passive participle along with the auxiliary verb esse. The perfect passive infinitive must agree with what it is describing in number, gender, and case ...
The perfect passive and perfect deponent can be used like an English perfect tense, describing a present state resulting from an earlier event: [111] passer mortuus est meae puellae (Catullus) [112] 'my girlfriend's pet sparrow is dead / has died' The negative of the perfect often has the meaning 'has not yet done': nōndum satis cōnstituī ...
Auxiliary paradigms in the passive perfect periphrasis Paradigm Latin Example Meaning Comment 'indicative future' divīsum erit: past in future 'it will have been divided' future 'it will be divided' 'indicative present' divīsum est: past in present 'it has been divided' present 'it is divided' past 'it was divided' 'indicative imperfect ...
There is a perfect infinitive (to) have written and a perfect progressive infinitive (to) have been writing, and corresponding present participle/gerund forms having written and having been writing. A perfect subjunctive (have written) is also sometimes used. Future and conditional perfect forms are given below.
The English passive voice typically involves forms of the verbs to be or to get followed by a passive participle as the subject complement—sometimes referred to as a passive verb. [ 1 ] English allows a number of additional passive constructions that are not possible in many other languages with analogous passive formations to the above.
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