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Gree Electric is a majority state-owned enterprise, primarily by the city of Zhuhai. [9] As of 31 December 2015, the largest shareholder of Gree Electric was Gree Group; it was followed by Hebei Jinghai Investment Guarantee (for 8.91%), China Securities Finance (for 2.99%), Central Huijin Investment (for 1.40%).
X-ray reflectivity, yet another related technique, but here the intensity of the specular reflected beam is measured. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Grazing incidence atom scattering, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] where the fact that atoms (and ions) can also be waves is used to diffract from surfaces.
An X-ray image intensifier (XRII) is an image intensifier that converts X-rays into visible light at higher intensity than the more traditional fluorescent screens can. Such intensifiers are used in X-ray imaging systems (such as fluoroscopes ) to allow low-intensity X-rays to be converted to a conveniently bright visible light output.
X-ray powder diffraction of Y 2 Cu 2 O 5 and Rietveld refinement with two phases, showing 1% of yttrium oxide impurity (red tickers). Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray , neutron , or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. [ 2 ]
Megavoltage X-rays are produced by linear accelerators ("linacs") operating at voltages in excess of 1000 kV (1 MV) range, and therefore have an energy in the MeV range. The voltage in this case refers to the voltage used to accelerate electrons in the linear accelerator and indicates the maximum possible energy of the photons which are subsequently produced. [1]
High-energy X-rays (HEX-rays) between 100 and 300 keV bear unique advantage over conventional hard X-rays, which lie in the range of 5–20 keV [2] They can be listed as follows: High penetration into materials due to a strongly reduced photo absorption cross section.
Many microfocus X-ray sources operate with focus spots in the range 5-20 μm, but in the extreme cases spots smaller than 1 μm may be produced. [citation needed] The major drawback of solid-anode microfocus X-ray tubes is their very low operating power. To avoid melting the anode, the electron-beam power density must be below a maximum value.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA or EDAX) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It relies on an interaction of some source of X-ray excitation and ...