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James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, KG, PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685) was an English nobleman and military officer. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England with his mistress Lucy Walter.
Some members of Parliament even proposed that the crown go to Charles's illegitimate son, James Scott, who became the Duke of Monmouth. [8] In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill – which would exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the line of succession – in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. [9]
King Charles II, James's older brother, approved of the marriage and the wedding between James and Anne was held on 3 September 1660 in London. Charles was born on 22 October 1660, shortly after his uncle became King, and baptized on 1 January 1661 at Worcester House. Charles died before reaching the age of one, after becoming ill with smallpox.
James lawfully succeeded his brother, Charles II, to the throne on 6 February 1685, as Charles did not have any legitimate children. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] When James fled the country in 1688, the English Parliament declared that he had abdicated [ 2 ] and the Scottish Convention of Estates declared he had forfeited his crown. [ 5 ]
It replaced the Commonwealth of England, established in January 1649 after the execution of Charles I, with his son Charles II. The term is also used to describe the reign of Charles II (1660–1685), and sometimes that of his younger brother James II (1685–1688).
Portrait of James when Duke of York in 1684, by Godfrey Kneller. Mary of Modena in c. 1687 after her coronation as queen consort, a portrait by Godfrey Kneller.. James's predecessor and elder brother, King Charles II, had come to the throne in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, which followed the English Civil Wars, the execution of Charles I and the five year republic known as The Protectorate.
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) [c] was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France.