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Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.
Financial markets. In finance, bond convexity is a measure of the non-linear relationship of bond prices to changes in interest rates, and is defined as the second derivative of the price of the bond with respect to interest rates (duration is the first derivative). In general, the higher the duration, the more sensitive the bond price is to ...
If the desired portfolio is outside the range spanned by the two mutual funds, then one of the mutual funds must be sold short (held in negative quantity) while the size of the investment in the other mutual fund must be greater than the amount available for investment (the excess being funded by the borrowing from the other fund).
10 year minus 2 year treasury yield. In finance, the yield curve is a graph which depicts how the yields on debt instruments – such as bonds – vary as a function of their years remaining to maturity. [1][2] Typically, the graph's horizontal or x-axis is a time line of months or years remaining to maturity, with the shortest maturity on the ...
Series I bonds have been a popular investment recently. The bond gives savers the safety of a U.S. government-backed security mixed with inflation protection, resulting in a composite rate that ...
Tobin's q. Tobin's q[a] (or the q ratio, and Kaldor's v), is the ratio between a physical asset 's market value and its replacement value. It was first introduced by Nicholas Kaldor in 1966 in his paper: Marginal Productivity and the Macro-Economic Theories of Distribution: Comment on Samuelson and Modigliani. [1][2] It was popularised a decade ...
Those bonds offer an inflation-protected yield of 4.28 percent at the moment, and have the backing of the U.S. federal government, making them a safe investment, too. How to set up an LLC for ...
The assumption of constant investment opportunities can be relaxed. This requires a model for how ,, change over time. An interest rate model could be added and would lead to a portfolio containing bonds of different maturities. Some authors have added a stochastic volatility model of stock market returns.