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  2. Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in...

    Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate; mathematically, the bottom line should be the same as the top line, in 'fp-math' the step '1 + 1/9000' leads to a rounding up as the first bit of the 14 bit tail '10111000110010' of the mantissa falling off the table when adding 1 is a '1', this up-rounding is not undone when subtracting the 1 again, since there is no ...

  3. Rounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding

    Rounding to a specified multiple. The most common type of rounding is to round to an integer; or, more generally, to an integer multiple of some increment – such as rounding to whole tenths of seconds, hundredths of a dollar, to whole multiples of 1/2 or 1/8 inch, to whole dozens or thousands, etc.

  4. Floor and ceiling functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions

    Ceiling function. In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x). [1]

  5. Unit in the last place - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place

    Unit in the last place. In computer science and numerical analysis, unit in the last place or unit of least precision (ulp) is the spacing between two consecutive floating-point numbers, i.e., the value the least significant digit (rightmost digit) represents if it is 1. It is used as a measure of accuracy in numeric calculations.

  6. Percentile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile

    Percentile. Statistic which divides a data set into 100 parts and analyzes it as a percentage. In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score below which a given percentage k of scores in its frequency distribution falls (" exclusive " definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ...

  7. Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel

    Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 suite of software.

  8. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.

  9. Round-off error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

    Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...