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SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. [3] [4] They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
Typically distributed alongside sha1sum are sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum, which use a specific SHA-2 hash function and b2sum, [1] which uses the BLAKE2 cryptographic hash function. The SHA-1 variants are proven vulnerable to collision attacks , and users should instead use, for example, a SHA-2 variant such as sha256sum or the ...
The simplest checksum algorithm is the so-called longitudinal parity check, which breaks the data into "words" with a fixed number n of bits, and then computes the bitwise exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is appended to the message as an extra word.
On Unix-like systems, similar functionality can be often obtained by combining find with hashing utilities such as md5sum, sha256sum or tthsum. md5deep exists for Windows and most Unix-based systems, including OS X. It is present in OS X's Fink, Homebrew and MacPorts projects. Binary packages exist for most free Unix systems.
md5sum is specific to systems that use GNU coreutils or a clone such as BusyBox.On FreeBSD and OpenBSD the utilities are called md5, sha1, sha256, and sha512.These versions offer slightly different options and features.
Binary compatibility is a major benefit when developing computer programs that are to be run on multiple OSes. Several Unix-based OSes, such as FreeBSD or NetBSD, offer binary compatibility with more popular OSes, such as Linux-derived ones, since most binary executables are not commonly distributed for such OSes.
HMAC-SHA1 generation. In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key.
[10] [11] [12] touchHLE is a compatibility layer (referred to as a “high-level emulator”) for Windows and macOS made by Andrea "hikari_no_yume" (Sweden) in early 2023 to run legacy 32-bit iOS software. The compatibility layer was only able to run one software, Super Monkey Ball as of version 0.1.0.