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WR 102's size compared to the sun. WR 102 is a Wolf–Rayet star in the constellation Sagittarius, an extremely rare star on the WO oxygen sequence. It is a luminous and very hot star, highly evolved and close to exploding as a supernova.
WR 102c is surrounded by a shell of nebulosity which contains dust made even hotter than the star itself by intense radiation. The nebula also includes nearly 1 M ☉ of molecular hydrogen and around 10 M ☉ of ionised hydrogen, all expelled from the star. [4] There is a suggestion that WR 102c may be a binary star.
Star name Effective Temperature ()Mass (M ☉) Luminosity (L ☉) Spectral type Distance (light-years)Ref. WR 102: 200,000 16.1 380,000 WO2: 8,610 [1] [2] [3]WR 142: 200,000 28.6 912,000
WR 102ea is a Wolf–Rayet star in the Sagittarius constellation. It is the third most luminous star in the Quintuplet cluster after WR 102hb . With a luminosity of 2,500,000 times solar , it is also one of the most luminous stars known.
The refractive index of water at 20 °C for visible light is 1.33. [1] The refractive index of normal ice is 1.31 (from List of refractive indices).In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with real and imaginary parts, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength.
Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground, [5] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade"). [6]
To heat water at 25 °C to liquid water at 250 °C at 5 MPa requires only 976 kJ/kg. It is also possible to recover much of the heat (say 75%) from superheated water, and therefore energy use for superheated water extraction is less than one sixth that needed for steam distillation.