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Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
Figure 1: Schematic drawing of a Stirling-type single-orifice PTR. From left to right: a compressor, a heat exchanger (X 1), a regenerator, a heat exchanger (X 2), a tube (often called the pulse tube), a heat exchanger (X 3), a flow resistance (orifice), and a buffer volume.
The typical efficiency of TEGs is around 5–8%, although it can be higher. Older devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky. More recent devices use highly doped semiconductors made from bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3), lead telluride (PbTe), [10] calcium manganese oxide (Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8), [11] [12] or combinations thereof, [13] depending on application temperature.
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A refrigerator designed to reach cryogenic temperatures (below 120 K, -153 °C, -243.4 °F) is often called a cryocooler. The term is most often used for smaller systems, typically table-top size, with input powers less than about 20 kW.
In physics and chemistry, the Nernst effect (also termed the first Nernst–Ettingshausen effect, after Walther Nernst and Albert von Ettingshausen) is a thermoelectric (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon observed when a sample allowing electrical conduction is subjected to a magnetic field and a temperature gradient normal (perpendicular) to each other.
A two-cycle cascade refrigeration process schematic diagram. A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle.An example two-stage process is shown at right.