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McCain, James (1960) "Professors and Students in European Universities: Observations of an American College President", The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 31, No.4. pp. 200–207. Pederson, Olaf (1997) The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521594318
The University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088, the world's oldest university in continuous operation [1] Established in 1224 by Frederick II during his rule as King of Sicily, the University of Naples Federico II in Naples, Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.
However, it was the first European university to receive the title of "university" as such, granted by king of Castile and León, Alfonso X, and the Pope in 1254. Having been excluded from the university in 1852 by the Spanish government, the Faculties of Theology and Canon Law became the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 1940.
A map of medieval universities in Europe. The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting in Europe. [7] [8] For hundreds of years prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place in Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools (scholae monasticae), where monks and nuns taught classes.
The University of Bologna (Italian: Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, abbreviated Unibo) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy.Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students (universitas scholarium) by the late 12th century, [4] it is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding ...
The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius , with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came ...
Bologna University, established in 1088 AD in Italy, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation. Established in 1224 by Frederick II during his rule as King of Sicily, the University of Naples Federico II in Naples, Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation. [37] [38]
A short definition of the university and its defining characteristics as they evolved in the medieval and early modern era is offered by the multi-volume History of the University in Europe of the European University Association: The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various ...