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In 2015 about 6.5 million cases of obstructed labour or uterine rupture occurred. [5] This resulted in 23,000 maternal deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990 (about 8% of all deaths related to pregnancy). [2] [6] [9] It is also one of the leading causes of stillbirth. [10] Most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world. [1]
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
Transeverse uterine rupture. Uterine rupture is when the muscular wall of the uterus tears during pregnancy or childbirth. [3] Symptoms, while classically including increased pain, vaginal bleeding, or a change in contractions, are not always present. [1] [2] Disability or death of the mother or baby may result. [1] [3]
Uterine artery ligation, with or without ligation of the tubo-ovarian vessels. [1] [32] Ligation of the uterine and utero-ovarian arteries can decrease uterine bleeding by reducing the pressure of arterial blood flow in the uterus. It will not completely control the bleeding but may decrease blood loss while other interventions are being attempted.
An obstetric labor complication is a difficulty or abnormality that arises during the process of labor or delivery.. The Trust for America's Health reports that as of 2011, about one third of American births have some complications; many are directly related to the mother's health including increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and physical inactivity.
Causes of increased foetal-maternal haemorrhage are seen as a result of trauma, placental abruption or may be spontaneous with no cause found. Up to 30ml of foetal-maternal transfusion may take place with no significant signs or symptoms seen in either mother or foetus. [3]
Couvelaire uterus (also known as uteroplacental apoplexy) [1] is a rare but not a life-threatening condition in which loosening of the placenta (abruptio placentae) causes bleeding that penetrates into the uterine myometrium forcing its way into the peritoneal cavity. This condition makes the uterus very tense and rigid.
Laparoscopic view, looking from superiorly to inferiorly in the peritoneal cavity which has been pumped up with carbon dioxide gas to visualize the uterus (marked by blue arrows). On the left fallopian tube there is an ectopic pregnancy and hematosalpinx (marked by red arrows). The right tube is normal. Specialty: Urology