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In machine learning, backpropagation [1] is a gradient estimation method commonly used for training a neural network to compute its parameter updates. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks.
Backpropagation; Rescorla–Wagner model – the origin ... It can be derived as the backpropagation algorithm for a single-layer neural network with mean-square ...
Backpropagation of errors in multilayer perceptrons, a technique used in machine learning, is a special case of reverse accumulation. [2] Forward accumulation was introduced by R.E. Wengert in 1964. [13] According to Andreas Griewank, reverse accumulation has been suggested since the late 1960s, but the inventor is unknown. [14]
Backpropagation training algorithms fall into three categories: steepest descent (with variable learning rate and momentum, resilient backpropagation); quasi-Newton (Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno, one step secant);
In computational number theory, the index calculus algorithm is a probabilistic algorithm for computing discrete logarithms.Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in (/) where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves.
Backpropagation allowed researchers to train supervised deep artificial neural networks from scratch, initially with little success. Hochreiter's diplom thesis of 1991 formally identified the reason for this failure in the "vanishing gradient problem", [2] [3] which not only affects many-layered feedforward networks, [4] but also recurrent ...
A snippet of Python code with keywords highlighted in bold yellow font. The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some ...
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [33] Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional ...