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The ARC/INFO Coverage data structure (1981), a topological data model based on POLYVRT. Topology was a very early concern for GIS. The earliest vector systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System, did not manage topological relationships, and problems such as sliver polygons proliferated, especially in operations such as vector overlay. [9]
These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something is to something else).
Some GIS software has tools for validating topological integrity rules (e.g. not allowing polygons to overlap or have gaps) on spaghetti data to prevent and/or correct topological errors. A hybrid topological data model has the option of storing topological relationship information as a separate layer built on top of a spaghetti data set.
The choice of terminology and semantics for the spatial predicates is based on reasonable conventions and the tradition of topological studies. [4] Relationships such as Intersects, Disjoint, Touches, Within, Equals (between two geometries a and b) have an obvious semantic: [10] [13] Equals a = b that is (a ∩ b = a) ∧ (a ∩ b = b) Within a ...
In spatial databases and geospatial topology the spatial relations are used for spatial analysis and constraint specifications. In cognitive development for walk and for catch objects, or for understand objects-behaviour; in robotic Natural Features Navigation; and many other areas, spatial relations plays a central role.
A geographic information system (GIS) can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what ...
A GIS file format is a standard for ... representing the inherent spatial relationships (especially adjacency) between objects. Topology has been managed in vector ...
A Topological relation is a qualitative relationship between two shapes that does not depend on a measurable space (that is, coordinates). Common examples of such predicates include "A is completely inside B," "A overlaps B," "A is adjacent to B" (i.e., sharing a boundary but no interior), and "A is disjoint from B" (not touching at all).
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